The Guardian
Trafficked to Turin: the Nigerian women forced to work as prostitutes in Italy
Thousands of women are lured from Nigeria to Italy each year on the promise of a prosperous new life, only to find themselves trapped in the sex trade
Annie KellySunday 7 August 2016 08.30 BST
An estimated 30,000 Nigerian women have been trafficked into prostitution.
It’s just after 9pm when the first Nigerian women start to appear on the streets of Asti, a small city near Turin in northern Italy. Some stand in groups of two or three, flagging down passing cars or checking their phones. Many are alone – solitary figures backlit by the stream of headlights moving into the city. Princess Inyang Okokon slows down her car as she spots two girls standing on a corner. Even with heavy makeup they look no older than 15 or 16. “So many new faces,” she says, shaking her head as she pulls her car to the side of the road and gets out to speak to them.
Princess, a 42-year-old mother of four from Nigeria’s southern Akwa Ibom state, has spent the last 17 years working for Progetto Integrazione Accoglienza Migranti (PIAM), a migrant rights and anti-trafficking organisation in the city. According to her, most – if not all – of the Nigerian prostitutes working on Asti’s streets tonight are victims of trafficking. “This is just one street in a small city. It is happening all over Italy and Europe and the numbers are growing and growing.”
Princess knows first-hand about the horrors these women are living through. In 1999 she was trafficked herself from her home in Nigeria to the streets of Turin. “When I talk to them I tell them that I know their story because it is my story too,” she says.
For nearly three decades, a thriving sex-trafficking industry has been operating between Nigeria and Italy. Many experts believe the trade in women started in the 1980s when Nigerians travelling to Italy on work visas to pick tomatoes realised that selling sex was far easier and more profitable than harvesting fruits or vegetables.
Since then an estimated 30,000 Nigerian women have been trafficked from their home country into prostitution, finding themselves on street corners and brothels in Italy and other European states.
In 2015, 5,633 Nigerian women arrived by sea in Italy.
The UN believes that 80% of these are victims of trafficking
More than 85% of these women have come from Nigeria’s Edo state in the south of the country, where traffickers have historically exploited chronic poverty, discrimination, a failing education system and lack of opportunities for young women to sell false promises of prosperity in Europe.Princess was one of the first wave of women to be brought from Nigeria. Then a single mother of three young children, she was approached by a woman she knew from her workplace, who offered her a job in Italy.
“We saw people come back from Europe rich and they would tell us that we could also have this life,” she says. “In Nigeria there was nothing. I wanted more for my children. This woman said I could pay back the cost of my travel when I started earning. I believed her.”
She flew to London on a fake passport. When she arrived she called a telephone number she’d been given and a man came to pick her up and drive her to Italy. She was taken to a house in Turin full of other Nigerian women. When she told them she was going to work in a restaurant, the women laughed in her face.
“They said, ‘Here no Nigerian girl works in a restaurant. Whether you are a princess or a queen you are here in Europe and you must work as a prostitute’. I was distraught, I thought there must be a mistake.”
The next day Princess was told she had to pay back a €45,000 debt before she could leave. She was now under the control of a “madam”, a Nigerian woman who worked for the trafficking rings, controlling the women and their debt. She was given high heels and makeup and driven to a street corner with another Nigerian girl. “I said ‘I will not do this,’” she recalls. “I refused. I hid behind a big rubbish bin all night and cried. I said, ‘God, is this the life you have brought me to?’”
After that night the beatings began. Her madam attacked her so violently with the heel of a shoe that she was hospitalised. “I did not know anyone, they wouldn’t let me call home. They said they would kill me if I didn’t work,” she says. “I realised the only way was to start this work and try and find someone who would help me.”
Every day and night for more than eight months, Princess worked on the streets in Turin. “Italian men, they love Nigerian girls,” she says with a short laugh. “I had a queue every night.”
But no matter how hard she worked, her debts never got smaller.
“The work was so bad, it was so dangerous. The men were so violent. I was stabbed twice, I was threatened with a gun,” she says. “I was ashamed all the time. The only way I kept strong was promising myself I would leave this life.”
Princess hands out condoms to a prostitute working on the street in Asti
Princess hands out condoms to a prostitute working on the street in Asti. Her organisation gives out advice and tries to persuade women to leave prostitution. Photograph: Quintina Valero/Observer
Eventually, she says, her prayers were answered. She was walking home one morning when a man called Alberto Mossino pulled over in his car and asked if he could take her to the beach. Mossino, who was living in nearby Asti but working as a DJ in nightclubs in Turin, offered to help Princess leave her madam. “At first I didn’t trust him but then he helped me pay off my debts to my madam and I managed to leave that life. Since then he has been my partner in everything.”
Princess’s life has changed since those days on the streets of Turin. She and Mossino moved to Asti, he started PIAM (she came on board later), and the couple married and had a daughter. (Of her four children, three are in Italy with her – the two oldest and Maria, her six-year-old daughter with Alberto. The other is studying in Nigeria.) She pursued her madam through the courts and eventually saw her sent to jail for four years.
Yet 17 years later she says the situation for other Nigerian women has become far worse than what she lived through. All the women on the streets of Asti have debts of more than €40,000 and most will have been forced to undergo ritual “juju” ceremonies where they have been told terrible things will happen to them and their families if they don’t repay what they owe.
“Those who leave Nigeria are told they will need to pay back €15,000 and when they reach Italy the madam tells them their debt is €45,000,” says Princess. “Or they are told they will be able to pay back the debt in three months but when they arrive they must pay rent, for their place on the street, food and other costs, so they are trapped because the debt never goes away.”
“These traffickers use beatings and juju to fill their victims with fear,” she says. “The women believe the juju so much that I have seen women leave their traffickers and then go mad because they think the curse will come true. This is how powerful a hold it has over them.” Mossino, who works with refugees and asylum seekers as well as victims of trafficking, says that in the past decade the trade in Nigerian women has become a hugely profitable and ruthless criminal industry, controlled largely by Nigerian gangs that took root in Italy in the 1980s.
“Every woman represents hundreds of thousands of euros to these people,” he says. “In Asti we saw 10 or 15 women a year when we started. Now we come into contact with 30 or 40 a month.”
In the past women would have to be flown in to Europe with fake passports. Now they embark on the dangerous 2,500-mile journey overland through Africa and across Libya before making an equally hazardous crossing by sea to Italy on migrant boats.
In 2014 about 1,500 Nigerian women arrived by sea in Italy. In 2015 this figure had shot up to 5,633. The UN’s International Organisation for Migration (IOM) believes that 80% of these women are victims of trafficking.
“What we are seeing at the moment in terms of the numbers and scale of the criminal trade in Nigerian women is unprecedented,” says Simona Moscarelli, an anti-trafficking expert at the IOM. “Before, the women were exploited but there was a chance that they could pay off their debts and be free. Now these girls really are slaves and subject to terrible violence. The age of the women is getting younger, to the extent that a large percentage of those arriving now are classed as unaccompanied minors when they come off the boats.”
Loveth, a 21-year-old from Lagos, was only 17 when she left Nigeria. After being offered a job as a babysitter in Italy, she was instead forced to work in a brothel in Libya for three years.
“Before I went I was made to swear to the gods [in a juju ceremony] and they said if I didn’t pay back the money I wouldn’t be able to have babies and my life would be useless,” she says.
“Before they took me to Libya they used two boys to break my virginity and then they took me to Libya to a house and sent many men to sleep with me. They didn’t pay me, they just used me.
After being sold to another madam, Loveth refused to work and was beaten and had boiling water thrown on her legs. Eventually she was put on a boat to Italy with 95 other people. “When I arrived in Italy I was very sick so they took me to the hospital and there I found out I was pregnant,” she says. “That is when I knew the juju was a lie. After that I never worked as a prostitute again and PIAM has helped me get my life back.”
Since PIAM was founded, Princess and Mossino have helped more than 200 women leave their traffickers in Asti and gain access to legal support, employment and counselling.
They have also created refuges and communities for those kept isolated by their traffickers and who are hundreds of miles from home. Princess arranges for the women to live and work together. “The trauma these women have gone through is very, very heavy,” she says. “They need a family and a mother as well as the other things we can give them.” At the weekends Princess helps organise parties and dances with the women.
“These traffickers take away everything from you, everything that makes you human,” says Princess. “I want to give that back to these women and say to them, let us not rest until we have brought them all to justice.”
Video: Princess Inyang Okokon talks about her work to free women trafficked to Italy for sex at theguardian.com/global-development (from Monday). More information about PIAM at piamonlus.org
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/gallery/2016/aug/07/escaping-the-sex-trade-the-stories-of-nigerian-women-lured-to-italy
The Guardian
Prostitution Modern-day slavery in focus
Escaping the sex trade: the stories of Nigerian women lured to Italy - in pictures
Spanish photographer Quintina Valero’s striking visual record of the work being done by an NGO, Piam Onlus, to help victims of sex trafficking in Asti, near Turin. “What I found was a really strong community of women who were helping each other overcome their experiences,” she says.Sunday 7 August 2016 08.30 BST Last modified on Monday 8 August 2016 11.28 BST
Princess Inyang Okokon, a former victim of sex trafficking, in a coffee shop in Asti, Italy.
Princess Inyang Okokon, a former victim of sex trafficking, in a coffee shop in Asti. When she arrived in Turin in 1999, lured by the promise of work as a chef, traffickers demanded €45,000 to pay for the journey. She was forced into prostitution, but after eight months managed to pay off her debt with the help of a priest and Alberto Mossino, an Italian who would become her husband. In 1999 Alberto set up the NGO Piam Onlus to help migrants and women involved in trafficking in Italy: Princess came on board later. Since then, they have helped more than 200 women come out of prostitution.
Loveth, 21, in a shelter for victims of sex trafficking in Italy.
Loveth, 21, in a shelter for victims of sex trafficking in Italy. Loveth had been forced into prostitution for four years in Libya after being raped by her traffickers. She was 17 when she left Nigeria. A madam had offered her work as a childminder in Europe. “Before they took me to Libya they used two boys to break my virginity and then in Libya they took me to a house and sent many men to sleep with me.”
Precious, a 20-year-old Nigerian woman, in a bar in Asti, near Turin.
Precious, a 20-year-old Nigerian woman, in a bar in Asti, near Turin. In December 2014, six months after being rescued from the sea, she was granted a two-year humanitarian visa. She has also entered a protection programme. The SPRAR programme (System of Protection for Asylum Seekers and Refugees) was set up by the Italian government in 2002 and involves helping them to get accommodation, food, work, education and integrate themselves into Italian society. Precious now lives in an apartment, which she shares with four other victims of trafficking, and works in a shop in Asti.
Gift is welcomed to a shelter in Asti by Princess and her daughter Maria
Gift is welcomed to the shelter in Asti by Princess (far right) and her daughter Maria. She was removed by traffickers from the reception centre in Sicily soon after arriving in Italy from Nigeria (by boat). She managed to escape, reporting her madam and traffickers to the authorities, but even today her family back home get pressure about the debt. She will share the house with Patience (in red dress), a 30-year-old Nigerian woman who was sold by her friend to traffickers. Her friend had offered her a “good job” in Europe and the opportunity to provide money for her family and child.
Princess has helped to create a largely female community in Asti. This picture is of Gift, Loveth and Precious, all former victims of trafficking, having fun at the Christmas fair.
Victims of sex trafficking feel under immense pressure to protect their families back in Nigeria and superstition is a powerful tool for traffickers. The traffickers threaten victims with curses to procure their silence and cooperation. Victims have to pay off debts of between €45,000 and €60,000 for their travel arrangements. Before the women leave Nigeria, they have to swear to the gods that if they don’t pay back the debt for their journey something terrible will happen to them or their family.
A woman displays photos of relatives from Nigeria.
A Nigerian prostitute is given condoms by Princess. Once a week she drives with Mossino to the outskirts of Asti to meet prostitutes who are working on the road. She informs them of their rights and protection programmes available to them. She gives them information about the NGO and offers them help if they decide to leave the streets.
A Nigerian prostitute is given condoms by Princess.
Success has recently reported her traffickers to the authorities after working as a prostitute in Asti for three years. Every month she had to give €200 to Jennifer, her madam, as rent for her space in the street, €250 as rent for the house where she slept – in the kitchen – and about €50 per week for groceries. “For other expenses such as electricity and gas, she asked me for about €300 per month. All that remained was to fill my debt of €50,000.” In December 2013 she felt sick, called an ambulance, and discovered in hospital that she was four months pregnant.
Success has recently reported her traffickers to the authorities after working as a prostitute in Asti for three years.
Sandra, a 21-year-old Nigerian woman washes her three-year-old son Destiny in a shelter in Monale, near Turin, which she shares with other victims of trafficking. Sandra is from Benin city in southern Nigeria. She left Nigeria when she was 18, and two months pregnant, because her family were very poor. A woman had offered her work abroad in a supermarket, but as soon as she arrived in Italy the woman she had travelled with took her to a forest, made her change her clothes and tried to force her work as a prostitute. Sandra refused and eventually a client helped her to escape.
Sandra, a 21-year-old Nigerian woman washes her three-year-old son Destiny in a shelter in Monale, near Turin, which she shares with other victims of trafficking.
On this day in 1942 the Quit India Movement is launched in India against the British rule in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for swaraj or complete independence.
Swami Dayanand Saraswati, founder of the Arya Samaj and a Hindu reformer, defined ‘swaraj’ as the ‘administration of self’ or ‘democracy’. He says when God has made us free to do any work as we want, then who are the British to make us slaves in our land? In his view ‘Swaraj’ is the backbone of the freedom fighting. Dadabhai Navroji had admitted that he had learnt the word `Swaraj’ from the Satyarth Prakash of Swami Dayananda. Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati had preceded the emotion of ‘Swaraj’ and ‘Swadesi’. (no citation) Swaraj warrants a stateless society; according to Gandhi, the overall impact of the state on the people is harmful. He called the state a "soulless machine" which, ultimately, does the greatest harm to mankind.[1] The raison d'etre of the state is that it is an instrument of serving the people. But Gandhi feared that in the name of moulding the state into a suitable instrument of serving people, the state would abrogate the rights of the citizens and arrogate to itself the role of grand protector and demand abject acquiescence from them. This would create a paradoxical situation where the citizens would be alienated from the state and at the same time enslaved to it, which, according to Gandhi, was demoralising and dangerous. If Gandhi's close acquaintance with the working of the state apparatus in South Africa and in India strengthened his suspicion of a centralised, monolithic state, his intimate association with the Congress and its leaders confirmed his fears about the corrupting influence of political power and his skepticism about the efficacy of the party systems of power politics (due to which he resigned from the Congress on more than one occasion only to be persuaded back each time) and his study of the British parliamentary systems convinced him that representative democracy was incapable of meting out justice to people.[2]Gandhi thought it necessary to evolve a mechanism to achieve the twin objectives of empowering the people and 'empowering' the state. It was for this that he developed the two pronged strategy of resistance (to the state) and reconstruction (through voluntary and participatory social action).[citation needed]
Although the word "Swaraj" means self-rule, Gandhi gave it the content of an integral revolution that encompasses all spheres of life: "At the individual level Swaraj is vitally connected with the capacity for dispassionate self-assessment, ceaseless self-purification and growing self-reliance."[3] Politically, swaraj is self-government and not good government (for Gandhi, good government is no substitute for self-government) and it means a continuous effort to be independent of government control, whether it is foreign government or whether it is national. In other words, it is sovereignty of the people based on pure moral authority. Economically, Swaraj means full economic freedom for the toiling millions. And in its fullest sense, Swaraj is much more than freedom from all restraints, it is self-rule, self-restraint, and could be equated with moksha or salvation.[4]
Adopting Swaraj means implementing a system whereby the state machinery is virtually nil, and the real power directly resides in the hands of people. Gandhi said: "Power resides in the people, they can use it at any time."[5] This philosophy rests inside an individual who has to learn to be master of his own self and spreads upwards to the level of his community which must be dependent only on itself. Gandhi said: "In such a state (where swaraj is achieved) everyone is his own ruler. He rules himself in such a manner that he is never a hindrance to his neighbour."[6] He summarised the core principle like this: "It is Swaraj when we learn to rule ourselves."[7]
Gandhi explained his vision in 1946:
Independence begins at the bottom... A society must be built in which every village has to be self sustained and capable of managing its own affairs... It will be trained and prepared to perish in the attempt to defend itself against any onslaught from without... This does not exclude dependence on and willing help from neighbours or from the world. It will be a free and voluntary play of mutual forces... In this structure composed of innumerable villages, there will be ever widening, never ascending circles. Growth will not be a pyramid with the apex sustained by the bottom. But it will be an oceanic circle whose center will be the individual. Therefore the outermost circumference will not wield power to crush the inner circle but will give strength to all within and derive its own strength from it.[8]Gandhi was undaunted by the task of implementing such a utopian vision in India. He believed that by transforming enough individuals and communities, society at large would change. He said: "It may be taunted with the retort that this is all Utopian and, therefore not worth a single thought... Let India live for the true picture, though never realisable in its completeness. We must have a proper picture of what we want before we can have something approaching it."[9]
- Jesudasan, Ignatius. A Gandhian theology of liberation. Gujarat Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India, 1987, pp 236-237.
- Hind Swaraj. M.K. Gandhi. Chapter V
- M. K. Gandhi, Young India, June 28, 1928, p. 772.
- "M. K. Gandhi, Young India, December 8, 1920, p.886 (See also Young India, August 6, 1925, p. 276 and Harijan, March 25, 1939, p.64.)
- Jesudasan, Ignatius. A Gandhian theology of liberation. Gujarat Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India, 1987, pp 251.
- Murthy, Srinivas.Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy Letters. Long Beach Publications: Long Beach, 1987, pp 13.
- M. K. Gandhi. Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule. Ahmedabad, Gujarat: Navajivan Publishing House, 1938.
- Murthy, Srinivas.Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy Letters. Long Beach Publications: Long Beach, 1987, pp 189.
- Parel, Anthony. Hind Swaraj and other writings of M. K. Gandhi. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 1997, pp 189.
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